空间核反应堆电源研究进展

随着航空航天领域对能源需求的不断扩大,核能的空间应用迎来了新的发展高潮。本文针对空间核反应堆技术的发展现状进行综述,重点关注了空间核反应堆与静态能量转换、动态能量转换技术结合供电的研究进展,总结分析了空间核反应堆电源技术的发展特点,并指出未来发展中需要重点关注的内容,为未来空间核反应堆电源的发展提供指导。     

Numerical investigation of flow mechanisms of tandem impeller inside a centrifugal compressor

This study numerically investigated a single stage centrifugal compressor ‘‘Radiver’’ with a wedge diffuser and several tandem-designed impellers to explore the flow phenomena within the tandem impeller and the potential to enhance compressor performance. The results demonstrate that tandem design and clocking fraction (λ_s) significantly affects the compressor performance. The compressor stage with tandem impellers of Series A of boundary layer growth interruption alone are observed to have a widely operating range but efficiency and total pressure ratio penalty compared with that of conventional impeller. The tandem impeller with at least the same impeller efficiency as the conventional design is considered as a critical design criteria so that further modification process based on the flow characteristic of tandem impeller is necessary. In order to restrain the inducer wake and exducer shock losses, parameters modification of blade angle and thickness distributions are necessary and the modified tandem impeller of Series B is obtained. The modified tandem impeller with 25% clocking arrangement shows an 8.45% stall margin increase and maintains the total pressure ratio and efficiency as the conventional design, which proves the potential of tandem impeller to improve compressor stage performance. It is noteworthy that the tandem impellers of Radiver have not shown obviously balanced exit flow field and the fundamental mechanism of stall margin extending of tandem impeller lies on the improved impeller/diffuser matching performance resulting from the incidence angle variation at diffuser inlet.     

基于自适应容积粒子滤波的车辆状态估计

针对车辆状态估计中由模型的强非线性、噪声的非高斯分布等相关因素导致估计精度下降甚至发散的问题,本文提出了基于自适应容积粒子滤波(Adaptive cubature particle filter,ACPF)的车辆状态估计器。首先基于非稳态动态轮胎模型,构建高维度非线性八自由度车辆模型。其次利用自适应容积卡尔曼滤波(Adaptive cubature Kalman filter,ACKF)算法更新基本粒子滤波(Particle filter,PF)算法的重要性密度函数,以完成自适应容积粒子滤波算法设计。利用车载传感器信息,运用ACPF算法实现对车辆的侧倾角、质心侧偏角等关键状态变量高精度在线观测。搭建Simulink-Carsim联合仿真平台进行了算法的验证,结果表明该算法状态估计精度高于传统无迹粒子滤波(Unscented particle filter,UPF)算法,且算法运算效率高于UPF算法,而传统PF估计值发散。研究结果为实现车辆动力学精准控制提供了理论支持。     

高精度石英半球裸振子微应力制造

半球谐振子是半球谐振陀螺的核心元件，其质量直接决定了陀螺的性能精度，以高纯石英材料制成的半球谐振子已得到业界的广泛认可，但加工难度较高。半球裸振子是半球谐振子的未完全加工态，其加工表面残余应力的大小决定了谐振Q值、频差Δf等参数，进而影响谐振性能。文章就石英半球裸振子的微应力制造技术方法和技术特点进行了分析和讨论，以及采用飞秒激光加工设备实现石英半球裸振子微应力制造，飞秒激光加工具有速度快、热变形小、非接触、微应力等优势，用于半球谐振子加工能够明显改善加工效率、成本和表面应力状态，采用飞秒激光加工为高精度石英半球裸振子的加工提供新实现途径。     

Fault self-repair strategy based on evolvable hardware and reparation balance technology

In the face of harsh natural environment applications such as earth-orbiting and deep space satellites, underwater sea vehicles, strong electromagnetic interference and temperature stress,the circuits faults appear easily. Circuit faults will inevitably lead to serious losses of availability or impeded mission success without self-repair over the mission duration. Traditional fault-repair methods based on redundant fault-tolerant technique are straightforward to implement, yet their area, power and weight cost can be excessive. Moreover they utilize all plug-in or component level circuits to realize redundant backup, such that their applicability is limited. Hence, a novel selfrepair technology based on evolvable hardware（EHW） and reparation balance technology（RBT） is proposed. Its cost is low, and fault self-repair of various circuits and devices can be realized through dynamic configuration. Making full use of the fault signals, correcting circuit can be found through EHW technique to realize the balance and compensation of the fault output-signals. In this paper, the self-repair model was analyzed which based on EHW and RBT technique, the specific self-repair strategy was studied, the corresponding self-repair circuit fault system was designed, and the typical faults were simulated and analyzed which combined with the actual electronic devices. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed fault self-repair strategy was feasible. Compared to traditional techniques, fault self-repair based on EHW consumes fewer hardware resources, and the scope of fault self-repair was expanded significantly.     

可重复使用热防护材料应用与研究进展

可重复使用热防护系统是为高速重复使用飞行器而发展的关键性技术,涵盖了地球大气环境及非地球大气环境下的弹道式再入、高马赫数巡航等应用场景。根据现有高马赫数飞行器热防护现状,对高马赫数飞行器的主要热防护系统类型、特点和使用场景进行了简要介绍。在此基础上,结合国外里程碑式可重复使用飞行器（X-15、SR-71、航天飞机、X-33、X-37B、Spaceliner等）,梳理了可重复使用热防护材料的应用与研究进展,论述了代表性可重复使用热防护材料的发展、性能、研制进度、特点及应用前景。对国外在可重复使用热防护材料研制中的设计及发展思路,以及所存在的主要问题进行了总结归纳,为可重复使用热防护材料未来的发展提供了思路。     

湍流控制屏声学校准及校准精度影响因素

湍流控制屏（TCS）是航空发动机风扇噪声试验必备的试验设施。由于湍流控制屏的作用,风扇前传噪声向远场传播时会产生传递损失。通过对湍流控制屏的声学校准,可以获取湍流控制屏的声学修正量,从而实现对风扇前传噪声的修正。本文结合实际工程应用条件,分析了湍流控制屏重复安装的位置精度、校准声源重复性、稳定性、校准声源位置偏差、温湿度修正等因素对湍流控制屏声学修正量精度的影响;结合上述影响因素,对湍流控制屏160 Hz~40 kHz的声学修正量的特征进行分析,总结工程应用中湍流控制屏高精度声学校准的注意事项,提出湍流控制屏的声学校准应包含测量不确定度。     

基于实战使用的涡轴发动机空中起动飞行试验

以涡轴发动机实战使用中空中紧急起动相关技术指标和特情处置措施验证为目的,设计了贴近实战使用特征的发动机空中起动试飞方案,并以某涡轴发动机设计定型试飞为依托,进行了不同飞行工况下的飞行试验验证和数据分析研究。结果表明:该空中起动试飞方案合理可行,能够最大程度的贴近部队实战使用的技术特征,满足对发动机起动高度包线、起动时间等研制总要求规定的技术指标验证需求;试飞结果表明该型涡轴发动机4000m以上高度停车至再起动期间直升机平均下滑高度约为670m,平均停车时间约为185s。该试飞方法和数据结果可为部队实战使用过程中空中遭遇停车的紧急处置提供支持和参考。     

航空活塞二冲程发动机的可变排气阀换气过程

航空活塞二冲程发动机的换气过程直接影响发动机的性能,采用可变排气阀可以改善发动机的动力性能。通过GT-Power软件搭建发动机一维整机模型,进行可变排气阀的仿真研究,分析了发动机在不同转速、不同排气阀状态下的换气过程及排气阀状态对换气过程的影响。在此基础上,还对定速巡航工况下(6500r/min转速、50%节气门开度)的排气阀状态进行了优化。结果表明:不同的排气阀状态可以改变发动机排气过程压力波动的相位,从而影响发动机的换气品质及燃烧过程;在定速巡航工况下,排气阀为中等开度时(初级阀关闭、次级阀开启),其发动机动力性能达到最优。     

跨声速压气机多圆柱孔式处理机匣设计与扩稳机理研究

基于对跨声速轴流压气机内部失稳触发机制的认识,设计了一种新型多圆柱孔式处理机匣结构。对带该处理机匣的跨声速轴流压气机转子Rotor-37的内部流动进行了全三维非定常数值模拟,结果表明该新型多圆柱孔式处理机匣结构可使压气机的综合裕度提高6.5%,而最高效率点效率仅降低0.19%。对多圆柱孔式处理机匣的扩稳机理进行了详细分析,结果表明处理机匣能有效消除低速流体团引起的通道阻塞现象,并将低速阻塞流体团抽吸进入处理机匣容腔,然后从前端喷口预旋喷出以抑制叶顶区域的流动分离,从而有效提高跨声速轴流压气机的失速裕度。